Why Do We Need The Covenants Essay Example For Students

Why Do We Need The Covenants? Essay Judy BeatyGREL 1003: Principals of Biblical FaithProf. J. Gordon Eisenman11 October 2000Why do we need the Covenants?Could mere obedience to law bring about forgiveness of sins and salvation? Gods whole plan of salvation is promised and understood through the Covenants. Many denominations have different beliefs, however, thanks to the Covenants, all believe that the only condition for salvation that He requires is faith. These Covenants were and are still very necessary because they convey Gods promise. An understanding of the Covenants helps build a persons faith and gives one a much better basis for understanding of the Bible. The need for the Covenants was pointed out by God in Romans 3:23, where He said, all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God. In the Old Testament, the believers did not have Gods Spirit in them as a permanent gift. The laws, of the Old Covenant, were broken by Gods people, even though, both Covenants made clear that the way to be declared not guilty by Him was not for good work or deeds, but by faith. We will write a custom essay on Why Do We Need The Covenants? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Old Covenant What and WhereWhenever God makes a promise or gives man a commandment or a prohibition, He makes a covenant with man. This type of contract usually comes about through negotiations. Once an agreement is reached, it is usually sealed in some formal way. Thus, it becomes binding to everyone. The Old Covenant was essentially a contract between God and the Israelites (His chosen people). He sent Moses to these people to convey his message, which was If ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people; for all the earth is mine: and ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests and an holy nation (KJV) Exodus 19:5 6. The physical sign of following the Old Covenant was circumcision. The Mosaic Law was a central part of the Old Covenant. This law was the moral record of how Gods people were supposed to live. The vehicle by which God taught people about their own sinfulness and their need for a savior was the Law in the Old Testament. However, Paul, along with the rest of the apostles, taught that salvation was impossible through obedience to the Law, even under the Old Covenant. Paul stated this in Romans 3:20, because of the works of the Law no flesh will be justified in His sight; for through the Law comes the knowledge of sin. He also goes on in Romans 4 to show that not even Abraham, the father of the nation of Israel, was justified before God through faith, not by works. In Timothy, when Paul uses the words Scriptures or sacred writings, he is referring to the Old Testament, which of course, included the Law. Old Covenant FollowersThere were several people who followed the Old Covenant, such as Abraham, Isaac, Joseph, Jacob and Moses. One such person who was good and followed everything God told him to do was Moses. The Bible makes it clear that Moses is founder of the Jewish people and Judaism, the faith, but that Abraham is the founder of the nation. As the leader of the Jews he freed them from slavery in Egypt, as well as protected them from the wrath of God, and negotiated with God on their behalf. Moses is said to be the author of the first five books of the Bible, best known as the Torah. He is the greatest of the Hebrew prophets, who had many face to face meetings with God. .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 , .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .postImageUrl , .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 , .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38:hover , .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38:visited , .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38:active { border:0!important; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38:active , .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38 .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57172c1483584b1c0b6665e21d7ccf38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay About Violence At SchoolGod had Moses come up the mountain, where he received the stone tablets (the 10 Commandments) to take down to His people and thus interpret these laws to them. God trusted and believed in Moses because he always followed His direction and never, was there any doubt of Moses faith. Old and New Covenant Similarities and DifferencesGod put both the Old Covenant and the New Covenant into motion and He set the terms. The ultimate goal of both covenants is they will truly be my people and I will be their God Jeremiah 31:33. Jesus was more concerned about the condition of a

Aquarius Advertising Agency Essay Example

Aquarius Advertising Agency Essay Example Aquarius Advertising Agency Essay Aquarius Advertising Agency Essay Structural Design for Organizations The consultants also believed that the proposed structure could be expanded to accommodate non-grocery lines and gourmet units if these were included in Cos future plans. Within each store, a new department manager could be added for pharmacy;, gourmet/specialty items, or other major departments. The district team could be expanded to include specialists in these lines, as well as an information technology coordinator to act as liaison for stores in the district. EXHIBIT 2. 23 Aquarius Advertising Agency Organization Chart Board of Directors President Aquarius Advertising Agency The Aquarius Advertising Agency is a medium-sized firm that offered two basic services or IRS clients: customized plans for the content of an advertising campaign (for example, slogans and layouts) and complete plans for media (such as radio, TV, newspapers, billboards, and Internet). Additional services included a id in marketing and distribution of products and marketing research to test advertising effectiveness. Its activities were organ sized in a traditional manner. The organization chart is shown in Exhibit 2. . Each department included similar functions. Each client account was coordinated by an account executive who acted as a liaison between the client and the various specialists on the professional staff of the operations and marketing divisions. The number of direct communications and contacts between clients and Aquarius specialists, clients and account executives, and Aquarius special lists and account executives is indicated in Exhibit 2. 24. These econometric data were gathered by a consultant who conducted a study of the patterns of formal and informal communication. Each intersecting cell of Aquarius personnel and the clients contains an index of the direct contacts between them. Although an account executive was designated to be the liaison between the client and specialists with in the agency, communications free nearly occurred directly between clients and specialists and bypassed the account executive. These direct contacts involved a wide range of interactions, such as meetings, telephone calls, e-mail messages, and so on. A large number of direct communications occurred between agency specialists and their counterparts n the client organization. For example, an art specialist working as one member of a team on a particular client account would often be contacted directly by the clients in-house art specialist, and agency research personnel had direct communication with research personnel of the client firm. Also, some of the unstructured contacts often led to more formal meetings with clients in which agency personnel made presentations, interpreted and defended agency policy, and committed the agency to certain courses of action. Both hierarchical and professional systems operated thin the departments of the operations and marketing divisions.

How to Fix the Nursing Shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to Fix the Nursing Shortage - Essay Example In the United States, the shortage of RNs, coupled with an aging workforce, has become very alarming to the medical industry as the demand for the service has been increasing. This shortage has become a phenomenon, which is observed on a periodic basis, starting in the late 1950s, early 1970s, and late 1980s and has reemerged in this decade (Berliner & Ginzberg, 2002). According to the report of American Hospital Association in 2007 (Nursing School Degrees, 2009), hospitals need approximately 116,000 RNs to fill vacancies across states which is equivalent to 8.1 percent job vacancies. From an economic perspective, the demand for this service is unmet by the number of nursing professionals required which is also projected to worsen in the next decade as more nurses retire (Nevidjon & Erickson, 2006). If the issue is not resolved, nursing services demand will exceed supply by 30 percent in 2020. Based on Berliner & Ginzberg (2002), the growing concern in the nursing shortage can be att ributed to three general factors namely, (1) a decline in the number of new nurses entering the workforce; (2) the challenge of attracting new professional nurses to stay in the hospital; and (3) early retirement. Moreover, there are other vital factors to be considered that also affect the the declining nursing workforce such as (1) an aging population vis-a-vis nursing workforce; (2) a mismatch on diversity; (3) more options for women; (4) the generation gap; (5) work environment; (6) consumer activism; and (7) a ballooning health care system (Kimball & O'Neil, 2002). The impact of these factors could be greatly felt after the year 2010, the phase when the baby boomers are already enjoying their retirements. There are three causes affecting the level of nursing workforce. First is the need for a college degree limiting the number of potential applicants. Secondly, the various career options for women. And last but not the least, the nurses’ job dissatisfaction. Based on res earch, nurses who are satisfied are more likely to be productive, perform better, and stay at the hospital for longer periods (Raingruber & Ritter, 2003). Many strategies have been put in place to address this concern. According to Goodin (2003), 75 percent of the nurses surveyed in 2001 stated that in terms of the working environment, there was a decrease in quality of nursing care over the past two years because of increased patient load and pressure and limited time for direct patient care, which led to a decrease in job satisfaction. In terms of the issue in retirement of nurses in their mid and later 50s, nurses view this as disadvantagious to young RNs as they need more training and valuable skills from experienced workers. In an ER setting, part of the reasons why RNs would like to retire at this age are the physical constraints they experience as they function in everyday strenuous physical activities, high volume of ER admissions in a fast-paced urban setting without any he lp or assistance (Raingruber & Ritter, 2003). Moreover, the financial concerns seem to not affect the shortage of nurses. Increases in wages and benefit packages that vary across states apparently do not create an impact in the retention of nurses and the administrators should be made aware of this (Berliner & Ginzberg, 2002). Nurses, in some states, have been rewarded for their service

HS630 Week 8 Conference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HS630 Week 8 Conference - Essay Example Likewise, the Catastrophic Incident Annex also clearly indicated the Federal Response procedures, in conjunction with responsibilities of coordinating and cooperating agencies that could be contacted by the public to facilitate response, as required. Another chosen annex, the Nuclear/Radiological Incident Annex (NRIA), is likewise found to be useful since it contained concise, yet in-depth information on roles and responsibilities of federal agencies with various cooperating agencies; and the procedural guidelines on â€Å"notification, coordination, and leadership of Federal activities† (National Response Framework, 2008, p. 1). As such, the viewing public’s awareness would be enhanced on policies, planning and preparedness issues, and even the materials and facilities involved with corresponding coordinating agencies for specifically identified incidents. The NRIA is a significant informative document that highlights critical areas and the response procedures, together with the authorized governing agencies to contact â€Å"for incidents involving release of radioactive materials to address the consequences of the event† (National Response Framework, 2008, p. 1). As such, the public would be guided through the appropriate courses of action and measures that must be instituted in cases where incidents such as this happen. 2. CPG 101 provides Content Guides for functional annexes in Appendix C, pp. C-12 through C-27. From the checklist for ESF #3 Public Works and Engineering Critical Infrastructure and Key Resource Restoration, pick 1 item and write it up as if you were a municipal emergency planner. One of the items noted from the ESF #3 Public Works and Engineering Incident Actions include â€Å"Providing coordination and technical assistance (to include vessel removal, significant marine debris removal, and hydrographic survey) to effect the rapid recovery and reconstitution of critical waterways, channels, and

Age Discrimination in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Age Discrimination in the Workplace - Essay Example Thus, the essay critically examines discrimination in the workplace and the application of the law of age discrimination based on specific cases. Federal and state laws protect workers against age discrimination for workers who are 40 years and above. The Age Discrimination Employment Act protects workers above 40 years against unlawful treatment by the employers or fellow employees. The employer must have at least 20 employees. The employees are protected in all the stages, including retrenchment, recruitment, workplace conditions and terms, dismissal and return to work after illness (Thew, Eastman & Bourke, 2005). Consequently, the Age Discrimination Employment Act (AFDEA) is one of the acts that protect people against discrimination on the basis of age. The act prohibits the denial of benefits to the older employees. The benefits given to the young employees should also be given to the aged. Additionally, the act prohibits mandatory retirement (Gregory, 2001). In 1993, to ensure that they were no mandatory retirement, employees such as college professors phased the elimination of mandatory retirement. That means that they would leave their workplace at an age of their choice. While, at the workplace they are entitled to all the rights. Furthermore, a mandatory retirement policy was permitted to people who are 65 years and above. After retirement, they are entitled to a pension on a monthly basis. There is also a prohibition of age preference and limitations. When advertising for a job, companies should ensure that it is open to all ages not discriminating the aged by mentioning the exact age(Gregory, 2001). Companies should also not reduce the benefits of people in the workplace based on age. If the benefits are reduced, the younger employees should also experience the same. The Age Discrimination Employment Act also prohibits discrimination in promotions, wages, layoffs, and termination of employment. Age

Impacts Of Water Pollution On Humans

Impacts Of Water Pollution On Humans Pakistan is a developing country having urbanized population 33.5% with the increasing migration rate from rural to urban areas. The water pollution in Pakistan and especially in the major cities like Faisalabad is very high which has a variety of effects on economy, ecology and human health. Cost of pollution is very high because of environmental protection measures and improvement measures.The present study was undertaken to assess the different reasons that contribute to the water pollution. The aim of study was to portray the contribution of textile industry in water pollution and its impacts on the economy, human health and environment of Faisalabad (An industrial zone of Pakistan). Waste hierarchy model is used to combat the problem of water pollution. It includes different steps of integrated approach that can be helpful to manage waste pollution. Key Words: Pollution; Textile; Water; Human Health; Ecosystem; Economy INTRODUCTION Water is one of the main elements that are responsible for life on earth. Two-third of the earth surface is covered by water. But we have exploited, mistreated and contaminated this precious natural resource. Today we are very well aware of the term water pollution. It is any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water that has harmful effects on any living organism that uses it (Brittanica encyclopedia). Everyday, 2 million tons of human wastes are disposed of into watercourses. In developing countries, 70 percent of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into water. And half of the worlds wetlands have been lost since 1900 (UN Programme for World Water Assessment, 2009). The problem of water pollution is increasing day by day in Pakistan. Vulnerability of safe drinking water is growing due to this pollution. It has also created a danger to human health. Water born diseases are common in Pakistan (Ilyas, 1998). According to Government of Pakistan, water born dise ases are 20-30 percent of all hospital cases (1999-200). All cities are the victim of this problem. But the situation is worst in the city of Faisalabad. It is the 3rd largest city of Pakistan. It is located in the province of Punjab. It has population more than 2 millions. It is the biggest industrial and textile zone of Pakistan. Water pollution has endangered the environment of the city. REASONS OF WATER POLLUTION There are different reasons of water pollution in Faisalabad i.e. sewerage system, solid waste, industry and pesticides. Textile Industry Most prominent reason of water pollution is the effluents from the textile industry. There are more than 40 textile mills and 6000 small power looms units in Faisalabd (Nosheen-Sofia et.al., 2003).Power loom are small units that are spread in the whole city. The textile industry represents a range of industries with operations and processes that are diverse as its products. It is almost impossible to describe a typical textile effluent because of such diversity. Fabrics, after its manufacturing, are sent to several wet processes Collectively known as finishing and it is in these finishing operations these major waste effluents are produced (Abo-Elela et al., 1988). Most of the units in the city have no proper discharge system and recycling plants. They come through open channels and mix with clean water. This waste is highly alkaline in its nature. It affects the water and soil as well. There are many materials that can be found in the water, like chloride, sulphate and phenol. These contents of textile are growing at alarming level. A research conducted was by Nosheen et.al, (above table) they collected many random samples of water that shows the amount of different materials in it.(2003) We can observe from the above data that the amount of chloride is more in the process of bleaching and the amount of sulphate is high in the process of mixing. Furthermore, we can see that the amount of phenol remained less in all process as compares to chloride and sulphate. According to Pakistan environmental protection agency 67% of collected samples of water were not suitable for drinking (2003). Textile effluent Source (www.oilgoneeasy.com/oil_spill_blog) (ii) Pesticides Another reason for water pollution in this city is pesticides. Wheat and Cotton are the main grown crops of this region. Pesticides are widely used to control the pests in that area. These chemicals contain human made organic compounds. These chemicals can be migrated to surface water, local watersheds and ground water. Ground water is the major source of drinking water in many areas. Especially where canal and river water is not easily available. According to Hallberg, 40-50% drinking water is pumped through ground water (1998). When these chemicals mix into ground water they contaminate the water and pose threat to drinking water. A research conducted by Akhtar et.al, shows the different amount of components that were present in the ground water of Faisalabad Sodium is in abundance in Faisalabad groundwater. It was estimated to be 660 Â ± 430 mg I-I. Only 14.52% samples were below the sodium guideline value of WHO i.e. 200 mg 1-1. Excessive intake of sodium in the form of sodium chloride may lead to vomiting and elimination of the salt. Acute effects may include convulsion, muscular twitching, rigidity, and pulmonary oedema (MSS, 1980). In the past DDT and its metabolites were also sprayed heavily. So their residues are found in the water. They have very harmful effects on water. So water is not safe for drinking in that zone (Tanabe, et.al, 2000). (iii) Solid Waste Solid waste is another cause of water pollution. According to the resource conservation and recovery act of America, solid waste includes household waste and commercial waste collected by a municipality within a given area. Solid waste is a big problem in Faisalabd. According to the city district government of Faisalabad, 1275 tons of solid waste per day is generated in the city. But they are only able to collect 51% of solid waste from the total amount. They have no proper collection and transportation system. They also dump the waste into low depressions (performance report, 2009). They have no proper buffer zones to dump the solid waste. These lack of resources and mismanagement leads toward the water pollution because all the unlifted waste discharges into the water bodies. So water is contaminated with different harmful materials. When human drink this water can get many diseases. So the solid waste in many cities of world is damaging the quality of water. All above factories are responsible for water pollution and it has wide range of effects on environment, plants and humans. Solid waste Source (ptj.com.pk/newsite/general-articles/Issue_12 EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION a. Human Health Residues of DDT have very harmful effects on humans. For example it can badly affect pregnant women. It can remain in the human milk. For example, Hussian, et.al reported the residues of DDT and its degrading products in human milk in the city of Faisalabd. In this way they can produce negative impacts for the nourishment of child. These chemicals effect the whole generation. Other than DDT, many chemicals that are present in the effluents of textile mills produce wide range of diseases. According to Akhtar et al different samples were taken from the city variety of diseases were found. The percentage of Diarrhea, hepatitis and typhoid is more as compared to other diseases. Hair loss is one of the diseases that affect humans in that area. There are many contaminations that can cause it. But lead and selenium are the most prominent in it. When water travels from the old pipes, then led contaminate the water. It causes hair loss in the population. Plants Water pollution also affects the plants and agricultural crops. It disturbs the quality and quantity of plants. Polluted water contains different heavy metals in it. When this water is given to the plants they produce different abnormalities. Cadmium is the most toxic metal for plants followed by other metals like, Cu, Zn and Pb. Due to the presence of these metals in the water the intake of nutrients to plants is decreased. So it affects the growth of plant. In result, the protein content of plants decreases from 19-71.4 % (Akhtar et.al , 2002). If the protein content is not sufficient then the quality of crop plant is not considered as good. Due to polluted water the amount of Algae is also increased in the water. It decreases the photosynthesis process of other plants and result into negative effects on the growth of other plants. They also disturb the biological oxygen demand level Ecosystem Pollution of water has also bad affect on ecosystem. The high chloride content kills some important microorganisms that are important in some food chains of aquatic life (Kumar, 1989). Some animal are very sensitive to water pollution. They absorb chemicals into the water through their skin. So they are badly affected from pollution. Some other insects that have ability to walk on water, they become unable to walk because of this pollution. Other young animals got physiological effects as suffocation and thinning of eggshells to the alteration of neurochemistry (Sean fears, 2009). If microorganisms are badly affected in this way then whole ecosystem may disturb because in an ecosystem each individual level has its own energy share. If some are killed the whole food chain may disturb and result into disaster for any ecosystem. Pollutant compounds are very toxic and are dangerous for fish even at very low level. Furthermore, when human eat this fish, they also get affected. Eventually, this process affects humans as well. People can get diseases such as hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned. Pollution from industries, sea ships, fertilizers and urban wastes is coming into water and spoiling the ecosystem (figure 3). Water is polluted due to industry, sewage and fertilizer run-off. This polluted water goes to the ecosystem and disturbs the whole ecosystem. It results into the death of algae and also plants. These two are also the sources of nutrients for fish. Polluted water also affects the fish. In a result it disturbs the whole ecosystem. WHY POLLUTION? WHO IS WINNING AND WHO IS LOOSING? Different scholars and researchers are in debate concerning the current conflicting position with regards to the environmental pollution, renewable and non-renewable resource utilization, environmental degradation, etc. Specifically, environmentalists and economists are becoming the prominent players in this debate (Ewijk and Wijnbergen, 1995). The issue of environmental sustainability is generally a crucial aspect of human life, which should need a common understanding and thereafter tangible action by the existing generation. Accordingly, the existing environmental problem is a result of improper human involvement in natural resource utilization. The advocate of intergenerational development requests the resilience of nature to its improved state with the introduction of healthy human-nature relationship. Currently, growing principle of self organization and maximum power are the mile stones for the introduction of new era in human-nature liaison (Odum, 2000). It is obvious that human need and want is much dependent on natural resources. All goods and service that are produced in an industry exploit varied types of natural resources. This indicates that human economic activity is directly linked with the environment. Besides, different economic growth theories are purely relied on the production, consumption and distribution of goods and services from natural resource in order to maintain better economic growth. Significantly, Lopez and A. Toman (2006) argued that, modern growth theory shows that not only environmental sustainability is potentially compatible with positive economic growth but also, and perhaps more importantly, the failure to achieve environmental sustainability may become an obstacle to sustained economic growth. In fact, the race for achieving economic growth among the nations resulted in over use of natural resource and challenged the well functioning of ecosystem in general. This statement point out a strong link betwe en the environment and economic growth and it absolutely indicates that our environment is the sole base for all human activity in different ways. Above figure shows although textile industry and pesticides industry has positive effect on economy. But both pollute water. This polluted water has adverse effects on human health, biodiversity and ecosystem. We have to spend lot of money to maintain human health, biodiversity and ecosystem. So these all measures put a negative effect on the economy. SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGRY TRANSFORMATION PROCESS We should be given higher concern to the thoughts made by Odum (1995) and other environmentalists in order to come up with sustainable environment. We should investigate what the energy hierarchy concept says about sustainability. In the process of energy transformation, the potential energy is spent in production process to provide small output of available energy in different kind (Odum, 2000). This degraded energy in the process is a burden on environment and may result as a pollution for the environment. So it is necessary to prevent from these difficulties at the heart of the process ( Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi, 1998). Therefore, pollution control decisions are made with little or no regard to the process that generates the waste. As Odum described that the control inputs have much effect on the output of the process (2007). This perspective gave rise to prepackaged menus of solutions from which options can be chosen and added to the periphery of the process to address environmental problems. Unfortunately, this approach addresses the symptoms of the problem without dealing with the root cause of the environmental problem which lies at the core of the process. It includes several practices like equipment modification, design and operational changes of the process, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and use of environmentally benign chemical reactions. (Mahmoud. M. El-Halwagi, 1998). In conclusion by using these practices we can make the transformation process more efficient and it will reduce the amount of degraded energy. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION AND INDUSTRY Industry is the main source of water pollution in the city of Faisalabad. There are more than 40 textile mills and 6000 small power looms units in Faisalabd (Nosheen-Sofia et.al., 2003). This industry discharge different types of effluents that cause major financial loss to the system. -Destruction of ecosystem -Diseases of human and plants -Starvation, poverty and social conflicts Changes in the quality of water Industry Emissions Financial losses (Prices of raw material) Income losses Raw material consumption Modified availability of raw material Improvement measures Environmental protection measures Costs Costs Fig. 5 Economic accounting of water pollution Source (Environmental economic accounting Available at. www.destatis.de/environment/ German Environmental, property=file.pdf) Above diagram shows the industry as a source of change in the quality of water and the consumption of raw material. This change in the quality of water may disturb the ecosystem. It can also spread diseases in human and plants. The shortage of raw material can create starvation. Cost of pollution is very high that is shown at two stages. At first stage due to adoption of environmental protection measures and then the adopt ion of improvement measures to remove the harmful effects of pollution and industry. CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO MANAGE WATER POLLUTION I think there are many ways to combat the water pollution in any area. First of all, integrated approach may be used. I think we should focus on different technology options with different community based approach. We should device that policy that can work for the uplift of whole community. if we divide the management strategy into different steps then we can combat the pollution in an efficient way. Figure 6, below shows the different management steps that can be utilized to manage pollution. This model is also called the waste hierarchy model. This model gives us a clear picture of management steps according to their importance. Fig.6 Waste Hierarchy Model The waste hierarchy refers to the 3Rs of reduce, reuse and recycle strategies according to their desirability. The 3Rs are meant to be a hierarchy, in order of importance. Waste Prevention If we avoid making the waste in the first place then we wont have to use resources recycling and disposing of it. Avoid over packaged products, if you have a choice get the one with the least packaging that you have to put in your black bin Concentrates are packaged in smaller bottles less damage to the environment. Avoid Disposables, as the name suggests they are meant to be thrown away instead of cleaning with a paper towel use a cloth inst Reuse Often we can reuse items that we have such as carrier bags, also other may be able to reuse items that we do not want. Auction Websites are an easy way of selling items you dont want. youd be amazed at What people will pay for. Charity Shops take lots more than just clothes if you contact them with all the items youve have they will tell you what they can take. (c) Recycle Discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products. This is different from Reuse in that energy is used to change the physical properties of the material. Initiatives include Composting, Beverage Container Deposits and buying products with a high content of post-consumer. (d) Disposal If we produce less waste then we have to dispose of less waste into the landfill. Source (http://www.derby.gov.uk/Environment/RubbishWasteReCycling) CONCLUSION Water is a unique natural resource. But we have exploited and contaminated this natural resource. So many countries of the world are facing water pollution. It is a great challenge to the sustainability of our environment. Sustainability should be taken as distinctive and wide-ranging criterions which guide global development. It is noticeable that currently, the major supply of energy is fossil fuel which is non-renewable. Furthermore, the level of environmental pollution is too high due to high rate of carbon gas emission. This allows the system to reward the environment in unfair way for the damage and it is not based on what the environment is serving the economic system as a whole. Apparently, economists put forward an opposing approach to define sustainability by limiting inter-temporal welfare of human being. Every country has its own specific causes of water pollution. It may vary from industries, solid waste to overuse of pesticides. Being a biggest textile zone of Pakistan, Faisalabad is facing a severe problem of water pollution. Textile effluents are discharging into the water because of mismanagement and lack of infrastructure. Many other factors are contributing to this water pollution like solid waste and overuse of pesticides. This water pollution has severe outcomes. It produces different abnormalities in plants, animals and human beings. We can combat with water pollution by adopting different measures. We can decrease the intensity of problem by using integrated management approach that can work for the development of whole community. We can save the water by imposing new regulations and laws for the polluters. We also need to change our way of thinking about the world and the use of natural resources. In this way we can save a better future for our upcoming generations.

Poetic Analysis of Fern Hill Essay -- Poetry Essays Poem Fern Hill

Poetic Analysis "Fern Hill" Dylan Thomas's poem "Fern Hill" represents the passage of one mans life from boyhood to adulthood and the realization of his mortality. The speaker in this poem uses expressive language and imagery to depict a tale of growing up. The use of colour adds life and character to people and abstract ideas. He looks up to "Time" (313) as an authority figure who has strict control of his life, and with descriptions of biblical figures we can presume that he is a religious person who believes that God is in control of his destiny. Each of these images contributes to a picture of one man's outlook on life and death. Colour imagery is used in the beginning of the poem as the speaker describes his happiness as a child. He explains his young days as being as "happy as the grass is green" (313), or in other words, alive and healthy. He then directly refers himself to being "green and carefree" (313). As a young boy he was vibrant and full of life. Being full of life, like "green grass" (313), means that there is a natural course that life has to follow, birth to death. Anything living has a purpose in life and the speaker reflects his young days as a "Huntsman and Herdsman" (313). The poem takes a dramatic turn when he describes "fire as green as grass" (313). Fire or burning paired with grass means that something destructive has occurred in the speaker's young life that has changed or altered the course of his natural growth. He is an adult when he looks back and says "before the children green" (314). He had gained an understanding that his life is running out and says time held me "green and dying" (313). He is seeing his "green" (314) life turning brown and wilting. He i... ...ruit. Life changing events would alter a child's perspective of himself. "Fern Hill" is a poem about the realization of life and mortality that appears after an unexpected experience occurs. The speaker is moved to a greater wisdom about himself and the world around him. He realizes that the immortality he felt as a child was merely a step towards the unyielding movement of life towards death. Through the use of colour, time, and religious language readers develop an understanding for the speaker's emotions, beliefs, and passage through life. WORKS CITED Orser, Sandi. ENGL 1155 (01): Introduction to Literature: Gender and Form. MSVU. January 2005. Thomas, Dylan. "Fern Hill." The Harbrace Anthology of Literature. Ed. Jon C. Stott, Raymond E. Jones, and Rick Bower. 3rd ed. Toronto: Nelson-Thomson, 2002. 313-314

Guillermo Furniture Store

Guillermo Furniture Store For many years, Guillermo Navallez has owned and operated a small and profitable wood furniture making company in beautiful Sonora, Mexico. He has enjoyed an abundance of raw materials, low labor costs, and limited competition. This has recently changed due to a few significant events (1) new competitors from overseas, using high-tech automation manufacturing processes, resulting in exact furniture specifications at rock bottom prices and (2) Sonora, Mexico labor cost have dramatically increased due to emerging new industries and companies. Guillermo Furniture has been forced to reconsider his current business model and implement a change in strategy to remain in business and competitive (ACC561, Guillermo, 2009). Guillermo Furniture SWOT Analysis Prior to addressing the outlined questions we must understand Guillermo Furniture Store’s current; Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT). Managers use accounting information for many different types of decisions. Information uncovered in accounting provides; scorekeeping, attention directing and/or problem solving, but we first need to understand our current environment (Horngren, 2008). The first course of action for Guillermo Furniture is to have an objective SWOT analysis performed in order to have a clear picture of the company’s current position in the market and among the competition. Of course, a more detailed SWOT analysis would be needed for a more specific focus and direction. Strengths: Strengths identified during the SWOT analysis is an abundant supply of raw materials, inexpensive labor, and a market that allowed a price premium for quality. Weaknesses: The Guillermo Furniture Company was shown to be weak in manufacturing process and technology when a larger competitor started operations in direct competition. This made the company’s market position uncompetitive due to lack of manufacturing automation and labor costs. Guillermo also would like to remain independent, thus he would not benefit from the strengths of merging or having his small company acquired to facilitate growth. Opportunities: Guillermo has multiple opportunities to improve his company’s future. First, the company could expand the selection of furniture produced through new manufacturing processes. Second, the patented furniture coating product, could easily become the driving force behind Guillermo growth and competitive advantage. And finally, Guillermo could develop a new business unit division, and combine it with an investment in technology for the coating manufacturing to further improve his unique selling proposition. Threats: The Guillermo Furniture Company faces a myriad of threats. A new and large competitor that uses advanced technology and automation. Rising labor costs, declining sales due to competition, eroding margins, and declining revenues with sales losses. The current climate of mergers and acquisitions in the furniture industry is producing stronger competition with more economies of scale and leveraging of power in the marketplace. Budgets and Performance Reports The basic purpose of accounting information is to help make strategic decisions. Regardless of who is making the decisions, understanding accounting information allows for a more informed, and better decision (Horngren, 2008). Accounting reports are classified into two types; Accounting and Financial reports. Budgets and performance reports are vital information for a company that is looking to survive, compete and expand in their marketplace. Guillermo would benefit immensely by using these reports to see data trends in different business segments. For example, a performance report showing real versus budgeted sales would identify the most viable and profitable business segments in both short and long-term. Guillermo could then use these data trends to build a 5-10 year forecast for individual business segment manufacturing viability. Guillermo must evaluate each business unit taking into account fixed and variable costs associated with the fixed assets required for operation. Once this evaluation is completed, business models for revenue, costs, profit margin, and resource investment could be compared for each of the proposed business units. †¢ Manufacturing as currently in place †¢ Manufacturing with investment in new technology †¢ Broker Business Segment Product Coatings Business Segment Lastly, Guillermo could use performance reports to identify growth segments for immediate and future resource investment. He could identify declining segments and begin to diversify or limit future investment in these segments. For example, demand for moderate furniture is growing while the demand for high-end furniture is on the decline. While limiting further investments in declining segments, use them as sources of income for the higher profit margins they do produce. The proceeds from this could be re-invested in the growing market segments. Ethics and Accounting Decisions Regulation of accounting systems seeks to ensure the reliability of the information that accounts provide. â€Å"However, no regulation can be as effective in ensuring liability as holding accountants to high ethical standards† (Horngren, 2008). Organizational and individual ethics influence critical decision-making processes, with potentially negative results affecting the bottom line. Ethics are based in part on core values imparted on individuals throughout a lifetime. Each person perceives right and wrong based upon ethics and consequently his or her actions will follow these parameters. Technology also promotes organizational ethics; however, ethical and moral conflicts will increase work-related stress amongst employees. This behavior negatively influences organizational behavior. Guillermo must decide whether to transition from manufacturing to distribution, and if he does remain in manufacturing, are there potential ethical violations if he continues to broker as well. This author believes Guillermo would have the personal ethical dilemma of continuing to employ human labor from his city, or transition to a more automated production thus saving him money from his bottom line, and making the company more efficient and effective. The current economy has been shaped with bad ethical decisions in accounting practices. One only needs to look as far as Tyco, Enron and WorldCom to understand how pressure to perform and expand can corrupt a company. The bottom line for Guillermo Furniture Company will be how Guillermo responds to the competition and how his desire to remain ndependent affects his decision making process. Relevant Accounting Information and Decision Making The most relevant accounting information for Guillermo to consider would be the following examples. †¢ Short and Long-Term Demand Forecasts, Revenue Generation, Pricing, Cost, and Profit Margin for each Business Segment. †¢ ROI in months / break even when determining the ROI on New Technology Investment †¢ Compare Expected Revenue, Margins and Net Income from all three business opportunities. Forecasting demand for each segment, pricing and production costs for each opportunity †¢ Assets Management†¦. Develop a plan to support assets that are profitable, and a plan to divest the underperforming. Conclusion The Guillermo Furniture Company has enjoyed years of profitability without constructing a business dynamic plan. With the larger direct competition moving in, this has shown the weaknesses in the Guillermo Furniture Company. Guillermo must immediately change the course of direction in order to remain solvent in the current marketplace. The statistics available through accounting practices will give him the necessary tools to make both short and long-term decisions to remain a viable company in today’s global economy. References ACC 561 Course handout: Scenario: The Guillermo Furniture Store. Retrieved July 19, 2009 from the material section of the course description page. Brealey, R. ., Myers, S. . & Marcus, A. J. (2007). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance (5th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Horngren; Sundem; Stratton. (2008). Introduction to Management Accounting (14th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson / Prentice Hall.

Should Professional Sports Allow the Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs

Should Professional Sports Allow the Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs Introduction Humans have always shown an extraordinary creativity in trying to get a physical edge on other humans. Each innovation has had side effects, both positive and negative. The innovations in techniques that current athletes seek and use to garner a competitive advantage are a natural continuation of this longstanding pattern of behavior.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Should Professional Sports Allow the Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In recent decades, there has been increasingly comprehensive legislative and regulatory activity at various levels regarding the use of such performance enhancing substances and techniques. There are strongly propounded arguments both for and against these legal and regulatory prohibitions. For sports commissions, in particular, the responsibility of enforcing current laws and rules raises a number of ethical issues. In this pape r, the arguments both for and against the legalization of performance enhancing drugs will be reviewed, and the perspective and ethical considerations relevant to a hypothetical sports commissioner will be examined. For regulatory and legislative bodies, and for the physicians and allied medical personnel involved in the care of athletes, research into the science of performance, and consumer education, it is critical to understand what techniques and substances are currently available and what their impacts are. There are manifold medical arguments against the use of many substances and technologies. However, there are equally strongly held beliefs on the other hand that the use of performance enhancing techniques are safer if permitted, regulated, and seen, than when prohibited, illegal, and uncontrolled. Individual commissioners, who have a direct impact on how the issue of performance enhancements is handled, may have strong feelings, and experience powerful pressures, one way o r another, about these issues, based on their personal experience. The ethical frameworks that such prominent and responsible individuals adhere to, far from inhabiting the wispy realms of philosophy, affect their decision-making directly. The choices that such officials make can shape the way athletes compete throughout a sport and how fans support and appreciate the sport.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Performance enhancement in historical context The human species is characterized by a persistent urge to modify itself or enhance its abilities in order to achieve an advantage, whether against prey animals or other people. From the first spear thrower that offered a Cro-Magnon hunter a fighting chance against a large mammal, to the (presumably) mythical breast removal that the Amazon women were reputed to have performed to ensure unfettered archery, to the chewing of coca leaves by Andean populations to inure the body to pain, cold, and fatigue, to the most modern gene therapy, humans try to become better physically. Every action along these lines has an impact above and beyond the obvious ones. The glorification of the athlete is not new either. The ill-fated Athenian soldier, Feidipides, who ran 150 miles in 2 days to report victory against Sparta, was an early exemplar of the ‘superhuman†, â€Å"ideal† athlete that we still honor today. This event was so striking that it inspired the event of the marathon in the first modern Olympiad. Even today, the image of the long distance runner achieving the apparently impossible inspires literally thousands to emulate Feidipides in cities such as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, sometimes even to the point of dying in the attempt, just as he did . There is attestation that even the 7th century Greeks tried to enhance performance of their athlete heroes with psychoactiv e mushrooms, brandy, sesame seeds, and other similar traditional herbal and food remedies . We know that a participant in the third modern Olympiad, in 1896, used a strychnine injection during a foot race. By 1928, there was a written policy on drugs at the Olympics . Clearly, little is new under the sun. As the number and effectiveness of potential performance enhancers has expanded, and use has expanded , the interest of sports bodies, the medical and allied professions, and regulatory and legislative entities has increased as well. The result has been an increasing specificity of laws, regulations, and rules, accompanied by increasing sanctions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Should Professional Sports Allow the Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The interest of legislators focused on the use of steroids, a category first understood in the1950s as used in baseball, in p articular, in the 1980s. The US Congress held hearings from 1988 to 1990, and in spite of the opposition of government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, as well as the American Medical Association, the legislature passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act in 1990. The concern of Congress seemed, according to Collins, to be primarily focuses on the control of cheating in sport through legislation. The American Medical Association testified, at the time, that steroids were not physiologically or psychologically addictive in the same way that, for example, barbiturates are . The 1990 Act placed steroids on Schedule 3 of the pre-existing Controlled Substances Act . This was the same category as controlled substances such as narcotics, LSD or its precursor chemicals, ketamine, and barbiturates. All of these are defined by the law as follows: â€Å"(A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II. (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.† In 1993, the International Olympic Committee took action to forestall the tide of performance enhancing drugs. They published a rather broad definition of inappropriate practices as follows: â€Å"the administration of or use by a competing athlete of any substance foreign to the body or any physiological substance taken in abnormal quantity or by an abnormal route of entry into the body with sole intention of increasing in an artificial and unfair manner his/her performance in competition.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When necessity demands medical treatment with any substance which because of its nature, dosage, or application is able to boost the athlete’s performance in competition in an artificial and unfair manner, this too is regarded by the IOC as doping.† The continuing issue of athletic drug use has spawned other regulatory and monitoring entities. In 2000, an organization was established to coordinate US efforts regarding Olympic competitors. â€Å"The stated mission of the United States Association of Drug Agencies (USADA), the official anti-doping agency for America’s Olympic athletes, is to preserve ‘the wellbeing of Olympic sport, the integrity of competition, and the ensuring health of athletes.’ † Before January 2005, steroid precursors could be purchased in health food stores, legally. Doctors could prescribe anabolic steroids, legally. 2004 testimony before Congress by the DEA asserted that not only steroids, but also the precursor substan ces, which were being marketed as dietary supplements, needed to be controlled. The DEA also contended that the previous requirement that substances be demonstrated in laboratory studies to increase muscle growth constituted a major loophole for the introduction of new â€Å"designer† chemicals. The passage of the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 made prescription and possession of all these substances for other than medical reasons a criminal act punishable with jail time. This spawned a black market. As one fitness industry businessperson put it, â€Å"Where once you could take them [steroids] under a doctors supervision, now, you had to turn to the black market to find them. The irony here is that almost no doctor was ever going to prescribe steroids to teenage guys, but the black market dealer has no problem doing so† Partially as a result of the 2008 police raids and discoveries of various performance enhancing substances during the Tour de France, the World A nti-Doping Agency was founded â€Å"to promote, coordinate, and monitor the fight against doping in sport in all its forms† . The list of possible enhancements is long and getting longer. To avert exactly this problem of the public creating and using new substances that were not explicitly mentioned on the list, the 2004 legislation included the following four qualifying questions: â€Å"Is the steroid chemically related to testosterone? Is the steroid pharmacologically related to testosterone? Is the steroid an estrogen, progestin, or corticosteroid? Does the steroid promote muscle growth?† Arguments against legalizing performance-enhancing agents Many of those who oppose legalizing performing enhancing agents, including all those substances implied above, are concerned with the health of the athletes, as well as the spirit of sport. They point to evidence that substances used to enhance performance carry some sort of potential risk associated with them. The opponen ts of legalization also object to the perceived inequity between athletes that these substances impose. By substituting substances for effort or supplementing effort, the use of drugs changes the competition from one that occurs between people to one that occurs between dueling prescriptions. Medical risks over the long term include potential damage to the liver, the heart, and other organ systems. Studies by Baggish, et alia suggest an association with left ventricular dysfunction, for example . Ritesh, et alia, list cardio-toxicities, including those causing sudden death, associated especially with ephedra but also with anabolic steroids. Wingert, et alia, records the case of hepatitis and personality changes associated with the use of hormone precursors, and their subsequent complete disappearance when the steroid use was discontinued. Schwingel, et alia, suggest that anabolic steroids play a role in toxicant-associated fatty liver disease in individuals with no other risk factor s, such as excessive body fat. All these scholarly investigations demonstrate the kind of harm that performance enhancing agents can cause . The effect of legalization on the nature of sporting competition disturbs some observers nearly as much as the potential health impacts. Opponents are dismayed at the prospect of the transformation of sport into a chemical arms race. The uneven distribution of athletic talent has been described as a ‘natural lottery’, in which those lucky enough to have helpful characteristics are accorded an advantage relative to their peers. Some opponents of legalization assert that doping would not entirely eliminate such unevenness, but add to it the additional differences between individuals in their response to various drugs. The skill of the prescribing physician, in the view of opponents to permitting PEDs, could become as important a determinant of success as the effort and commitment of the athlete . The implications of this change are w ell expressed by Weising. † There would be no gain in justice (i.e. fairer results that reflected efforts made) for athletes as a result of legalizing doping† . Weising does not, thus, trust that the addition of legalized drugs, across the board, to athletes, would ‘level the playing field’. Weising goes on to assert that, â€Å"Legalization would not reduce restrictions on athletes freedom; the control effort would remain the same, if not increased†. To be otherwise than an invitation for disaster, legalized performance enhancing drugs would need close monitoring, and thus a great deal of additional testing. Weising thus envisions even more frequent and stringently administered tests, limiting the mobility and autonomy of athletes. Weising’s vision of a world of legalized drugs includes â€Å"Extremely complicated international regulations†. He also foresees a continued attempt on the part of athletes and their backers to come up with p ractices which are either undetectable or not yet prohibited in any way. The relationship with fans is another potential casualty of legalization, in Weising’s view. He suggests that,â€Å"Audience mistrust, particularly toward athletes who achieved outstanding feats, would remain because it would still be possible that these athletes were reliant on illegal doping practices. Doping entails exposing the athletes to avoidable risks that do not need to be taken to increase the appeal of a sport. Most importantly, the function of sport as a role model would definitely be damaged. It is not necessary to clarify the question of what constitutes the spirit of sport and whether this may be changed† There are many additional concerns associated with legalization of PEDS. For example, the cost of drugs is an extra expense above and beyond the normal demands of training and good nutrition. This could constitute a burden on athletes from disadvantaged families or poorer countries . As long as athletes are prohibited from using such substances, they can honorably and proudly avoid using them and train â€Å"clean†. However, if these substances were legalized, there is a chance that all athletes would feel the pressure to use such aids. Although sports among youth are outside the scope of this paper, it is also hard to avoid the conclusion that prospective athletes, even at a very early point in their lives, would see performance enhancements as a necessary part of their future development. Some scholars suggest that the lure of performance enhancing drugs can and should be offset through emphasizing less potentially harmful alternatives. These alternatives might include protein supplements, administered at crucial moments before or after a workout or competition. Another avenue to increased performance without drugs is the ingestion of, or carbohydrate supplements during endurance events . Oxygen breathed in before and/or after exercise has a continuin g appeal, and seems to occupy a space between drug and not-drug, although its effectiveness is still unclear Arguments for the legalization of performance enhancing agents Although the evidence of potential harm to the athletes seems ubiquitous, and fears for the corruption of the purity of sport are manifold on the anti-legalization side, the proponents of allowing performance enhancing drugs have equally strongly held opinions. The arguments in favor of allowing performance enhancements address the issues of fairness to all athletes and greater safety and control of drugs already de facto in use, among other concerns. Those who favor legalization point out that the non-drug methods for increasing performance, such as high altitude training, constitute an economic barrier to less financially well-supported athletes, whereas drugs are far less expensive. Savalescu, et alia, even suggest that the money spent on current drug tests could be better allocated to the subsidy of drugs for financially strapped athletes . There is also an objection that testing is not 100% accurate. This detracts from the fairness of the testing system . There are apparently many points at which the test can be undermined. Perhaps the most dramatic and risible is the use of a prosthetic penis filled with warmed drug-free urine to generate an apparently clean sample . Savalescu points out that some individuals are blessed with genes that give them a greater advantage. For example, some people’s packed cell volume is naturally high. Savalescu proposes that safe values be determined on the amount of a particular substance in the blood, for example, the concentration of red blood cells, or the level of testosterone in circulation. He suggests testing that the athlete’s blood not exceed that safe level, whether it arises from a natural genetic peculiarity of the individual, or was achieved via injections . Currently, many athletes risk a criminal record in order to do what the y feel they need to do in order to achieve their goals. This situation would largely disappear with legalization. Physicians also face a difficult decision to make regarding the risk they take now in providing drugs to athletes. Legalization would immediately remove this threat of being labeled a criminal. The perspective from the office of a Sports Commissioner: Ethical considerations The ethical considerations applicable to this problem are vigorously argued. The position in which a Sports Commissioner finds him or herself visvis performance enhancements is subject to a number of competing pressures. His/her views might well depend on the relative weight the Commissioner places on the job’s responsibilities for maintaining safety, maintaining fairness, or selling tickets. As an example of how these goals are described and ordered officially, consider the definition of the aims of the position in a recent job listing for Commissioner of a ten-college conference: â€Å"Promo ting the general well-being and growth of the GNAC by guiding and enforcing policies regarding student-athlete welfare, equal opportunity, affirmative action and equity of participation consistent with the GNAC Constitution, and principles set forth by the NCAA, 2) serving as the principal enforcement officer of NCAA and GNAC legislation, policies and regulations,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The ethical systems that could apply to the Commissioner’s situation are varied. It should be noted that the ethical stance of the Commissioner qua Commissioner may be different from the ethical stance of the Commissioner as a private individual. This is congruent with the distinction between duty-based, or deontic moral theories on the one hand, and personal virtue-based, or aretaic moral theories. In other words, what the Commissioner’s duty is might be at odds with his personal ethics. (This sort of incongruity is not unheard of in public life, as witnessed by the personal/official disconnect regarding the death penalty discussed in a recent radio interview with the former head of a state correctional system. ) The ethical pressures on the Commissioner will depend on the specific goal in his job description on which he/she places greatest emphasis. Deontology, the science of duty, calls on the individual to do, or refrain from doing, certain categories of action, no matter what the obstacles, no matter what the potential for could be thought of as collateral damage. This requires that the duty of the Commissioner be defined or â€Å"identified† . If the Commissioner accords greatest importance to the duty of protecting the health of the athletes, then he/she must protect athlete health no matter the costs. However, what constitutes protecting athlete health? In an ideal world, a Commissioner might wish that all athletes could train and compete with no substances in their bodies except organically grown foods, unpolluted water, and air free of toxic chemicals and particulates. The Commissioner might wish, personally, that no athlete were forced to take any drug except for healing. This is not an ideal world, however, and the reality is that all athletes are exposed to less than optimal substances, whether involuntarily, through all the toxins in their environment, and or voluntarily through ingesting various drugs and substances. Thus, the Commissioner must, from a deontological perspective, fulfill the duty to protect athlete health in a setting where drugs are being used despite prohibitions and sanctions, both within sports, and according to national legislation. In this imperfect environment, fulfilling the duty to protect health is obstructed by circumstances. If drug use cannot be prevented by injunction or sanction, in practical terms, then the Commissioner may choose to protect health by making the drug use the least damaging possible. Given that resources are limited, the Commissioner may find that his/her duty lies in reducing the potential harm of use and promoting any possible beneficial use, rather than expending resources to prevent use, when it is so endemic in the sports world. Reducing harm may, in practical terms, mean lobbying for legalization. This course of action would need to be accompanied by an associated push for assiduous monitoring of blood levels, quality controls on the manufacture of the drugs to ensure purity and sterility, and intensive education to avert the worst potential ill effects of misuse. This distinction between â€Å"harm elimination† and â€Å"harm management† is the subject of lively debate . Legalization would offer the Commissioner the option to focus disciplinary action and attention on the most dangerous drugs or techniques and impose sanctions differentially on users of such maximally risky substances. This is not currently possible because of the broad nature of the legislation. This would facilitate the Commissioner’s ability to follow the duty t o protect athlete health in the environment of widespread use. Alternatively, the most important duty that the Commissioner confronts may be the preservation of â€Å"equity in sport†, or an equivalent concept . Again, in an ideal world, all talented persons would have an equal chance to obtain the training and support that they need to be their best. The real world, however, has massive inequities that affect athletes as surely as they affect the rest of the population. If the main duty of the Commissioner is to protect the rights of all athletes, then this might also lead to adopting a stance of support for allowing performance-enhancing drugs. Such drugs can be more conveniently distributed evenly and equitably than, for example, the more cumbersome access to high altitude training to increase endurance. Additionally, the Commissioner could accomplish the duty of preserving equity better under legalization, because the most egregious substances and practices could be openl y and directly disciplined. Less dangerous or objectionable substances could be treated with situationally appropriate measures. Thus, the Commissioner might support legalization in order to fulfill his/her duty better to protect the fairness of sport. Still a third possible duty of the Commissioner is the promotion of the sport. In this regard, drugs increase the level of achievement, and potentially contribute to terrific spectacles. On the other hand, such a course could make viewers cynical, and lead to fan abandonment of the sport. Alternatively, the legalized use of drugs could create an insatiable demand for ever-rising drama on the field and court. The Commissioner, operating under a deontological system, would need to evaluate these alternatives and pursue the one that seemed to protect the sport best, thereby fulfilling that duty. A different ethical system is the teleological approach. This system focuses on the results of actions rather than the duty of the individual. U nder this moral theory, the Commissioner would be free to select from all the above alternatives without necessarily worrying about what his/her duty directed. The Commissioner would need to evaluate which one of these courses of action would result in the â€Å"best likely consequence†. This moral system would require the Commissioner to design a response to the problems of, on the one hand, drugs being currently routinely used unsafely because of a lack of supervision and quality controls, and on the other hand, athletes being discredited because of the existing laws, regulations, rules and sanctions. Faced with these issues, a Commissioner could choose to support legalization and intense monitoring, and hope to achieve the best of outcomes in a teleologically sound fashion. The teleological system is congruent with a utilitarian perspective on individual acts, which asks which choice leads to the best result for the most people . If the Commissioner can identify, and imple ment, which course of action helps the largest number of athletes and fans, then that is the most utilitarian choice. The choice to push for legalization and implement a concerted program of controls could be the one that pleases the most people, and might therefore constitute the most utilitarian act. The existential perspective would lead the Commissioner to push for legalization because each individual is, in this view, responsible to follow his or her own conscience. Legalization would allow each athlete to make this decision personally and freely without pressure from the legal system. The issue of who (in the medical insurance system) takes care of the person after they have made decisions that turn out badly appears not to be resolved under this ethical system. Conclusion The issue of performance enhancing drugs, substances, and techniques, is complex and the ethics associated with it are thorny, as well. Although the long term health consequences of any such practice are an ongoing concern, and the long term impact of such practices on the relationship of sport and its fans is still not fully tested by experience, a sports Commissioner can find ethical support from several moral systems for his/her advocacy for legalization. Such legalization would need to be combined with careful and consistent monitoring, controls on manufacturing, and in-depth education of everyone involved in the process. Bibliography Alexander, L., Moore, M. (Fall, 2008, November 21). Deontological Ethics. (E. N. Zalta, Ed.) Retrieved from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/ Allen Ault, P. (2011, October 20). Eastern Kentucky University. Radio Times. (M. Moss-Coane, Interviewer) WHYY, archived at http://whyy.org/cms/radiotimes/2011/10/20/perspectives-on-crime-and-punishment/. Baggish, A. L., Weiner, R. B., Kanayama, G., Hudson, J. I., Picard, M. H., Hutter, A. M., et al. (2010, April 27). Long-term anabolic-androgenic s teroid use is associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Retrieved from Circulation and Heart Failure. 2010 July 1; 3(4): 472–476. : ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2909423/ Casini, L. (n.d.). Global Hybrid Public-Private Bodies: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Retrieved from International Organizations Law Review, Volume 6, Number 2, 2009 , pp. 421-446(26): ingentaconnect.com/content/mnp/iolr/2009/00000006/00000002/art00005 Code of Federal Regulations. (2011, October). 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(1961, January 1). Some effects of breathing oxygen before and after exercise. Retrieved from J Appl Physiol January 1, 1961 16:(1) 48-52: http://jap.physiology.org/content/16/1/48.full.pdf Great Northwest Athletic Conference. (2011). Job Description: Conference Commissioner: Great Northwest Athletic Conference. Retrieved from The NCAA Market: Careers in College Athletics: http://ncaamarket.ncaa.org/jobs/4536165/conference-commissioner Henne, K. (2009, December 31). The Origins of the International Olymp ic Committee Medical Commission and its Technocratic Regime: An Historiographic Investigation of Anti-Doping Regulation and Enforcement in International Sport. Retrieved from University of California at Irvine, DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY, LAW AND SOCIETY: http://doc.rero.ch/lm.php?url=1000,44,38,20100301152359-AF/2009_-_The_Origins_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee_Medical_Commission_-_HENNE_K.pdf Hoffman, J., Kraemer, W., Bhasin, S. S., Ratamess, N., Haff, G., Willoughby, D., et al. (2009, Aug). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Retrieved from Journal of Strength Conditioning Research. 2009 Aug;23(5 Suppl):S1-S59.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19620932 Kious, B. (2011, Jun). Dispelling a few false-positives: a reply to MacGregor and McNamee on doping. Retrieved from Theoretical Medical Bioethics. 2011 Jun;32(3):195-200.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21298346 Kious, B. (2008, October 22). Philosophy on steroids: why the anti-doping position could use a little enhanc ement. Retrieved from Theoretical Medical Bioethics. 2008;29(4):213-34. Epub 2008 Oct 22.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18941924 Knopp, W., Wang, T., Bach, B. (1997, July). Ergogenic Drugs in Sports: Clinics in Sports Medicine: Primary Care of the Injured Athlete, Part 1. Retrieved from Kneeligamentdoc.com: kneeligamentdoc.com/Files/ergogenic%20drugs%20in%20sports752.pdf Lardon, M. (2008, July). Performance-Enhancing Drugs: Where Should the Line be Drawn and by Whom? Retrieved from NCBI: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695732/?tool=pubmed Machado, M., Cortez-Pinto, H. (2011, October). The dark side of sports: using steroids may harm your liver. Retrieved from Liver Int. 2011 Mar;31(3):280-1.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21281427 O, M., M., M. (2010, Dec). Philosophy on steroids: a reply. Retrieved from Theoretical Medical Bioethics, 31(6):401-10.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20706791 Pathology Education. (2011, April 11). Spotting the cheats – Is There Really Such a Thing as Syntheti c Urine? Retrieved from Pathology Education: iaop2010.org/spotting-the-cheats-is-there-really-such-a-thing-as-synthetic-urine.htm Petrà ³czi, A., Uvacsek, M., Nepusz, T., Deshmukh, N., Shah, I. (2011, April 26). Incongruence in Doping Related Attitudes, Beliefs and Opinions in the Context of Discordant Behavioural Data: In Which Measure Do We Trust? 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Statute and State Law Relationship Essay Example

Statute and State Law Relationship Essay Example Statute and State Law Relationship Essay Statute and State Law Relationship Essay In this case the employer fired a woman warehouse employee who was a heavy equipment operator. She had been rebuked in the past for disciplinary problems and had even been suspended. After she had a physical fight with an employee she was terminated. After termination she filed a suit under Title VII alleging that she was sexually discriminated against and was sexually harassed. The trial court did not allow the sexual harassment claim to proceed but the sexual discrimination claim was allowed to proceed to trial. At the trial, she presented circumstantial evidence showing that she was stalked by her superior, disciplined more severely than males, her disciplinary reports were stacked, she was discriminated against with respect to overtime assignments and supervisors used sex-based slurs against her.This was a mixed motive case in which both poor job performance and sex discrimination reasons had led to her dismissal.The regulation interpreted in this case was that prior to this judg ment in discrimination cases pretext theory cases were allowed to proceed without direct evidence. In pretext theory cases circumstantial evidence was allowed, but in mixed motive theory direct evidence was required. That is the employee had to show by direct evidence that sexual discrimination was the main motivating factor in her dismissal.However, in the Desert Palace case the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously held that an employee alleging a mixed motive theory of discrimination under Title VII does not need to provide direct evidence of discrimination (Smith S. 2003). In other words circumstantial evidence was admissible.This case has impacted the employment environment because now even if a woman is not performing up to the mark at work, employers are advised to refrain from sexually discriminating against her.Reference:Smith S. (2003) The Death of Summary Judgment. Retrieved on October 25, 2006 From: http://hennepin.timberlakepublishing.com/article.asp?article=764paper=1cat=147

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Mercury Contamination in Fish - Research Paper Example The paper is based on two studies carried out in Bangladesh and the U.S. In the first study, Rees et al. (2007) aimed at elucidating how toenail mercury is related to dietary fish consumption in New Hampshire. In the second study (Bangladesh study), Shamshad, Shahidur, and Tasrena, (2009) focused on determining the level of trace elements (including mercury) in fish feed and shrimp sampled from aquaculture ponds. Mercury is an established heavy metal, environmental pollutant with deleterious health effects in human beings (Eisler, 2006). Mercury toxins lead to neurological impairment in humans (National Research Council, 1978). Mercury in contaminated fish food consumed by pregnant women may affect the unborn baby’s brain and nervous system. Children who were affected by mercury while in the womb have poor cognitive thinking and memory and reduced concentration (Health Effects, 2012). Studies have proved that adults, children and developing fetuses are in danger of mercury intoxication (National Research Council, 1978). Schmitt, Stricker and Brumbaugh (2011, p. 1) argue that methyl mercury concentrations in some U.S species of fish (Micropterus dolomieu and Hypentelium nigricans) â€Å"are significantly high to represent a threat to human health and wildlife†. The U.S has a high risk of suffering from mercury intoxication consumed from fish compared to Bangladesh, in spite of Ba ngladesh having more fish than the U.S. Studies on mercury intoxication are essential because they enable stake holders to devise preventative measures. Thus, this paper examines the effect of mercury toxins in fish in Bangladesh and the U.S. The graph below is an example showing comparing levels of mercury in blood lead and the risk for autism in children. The graph indicates a significant correlation between the two variables. Figure 1: Graph indicating the distribution of Hg levels in ‘charge children’, comparing four groups: regressive autism, autism of early onset, general population controls and developmentally delayed children. Source: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.highlight/abstract/1773/report/F Materials and Methods The Bangladesh study assessed the level of trace elements content in fish feed and shrimp sampled from aquaculture ponds in Bangladesh by the use of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS), Cold Vapor Absorpti on Spectrometer (CV-AAS), and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (HG-AAS). The study was based on the theoretical assumption that since tannery and poultry waste are used as fish feed in Bangladesh, there is an accumulation of toxic contaminants in cultured fish posing food safety risk. Toxic metals including mercury are used in the manufacture of tanneries, dye production, textile dying and paper and pulp mills. Two samples of Shrimp and twelve samples of the feed were collected from different aquaculture sites in Bangladesh. The sample was washed by de-ionized water and then air-dried. They were then analyzed using FAAS, CV-AAS and HG-AAS (Shamshad, Shahidur, & Tasrena, 2009). The American study was conducted as follows: method one; participants observed a 3 day diary of water and seafood consumption which facilitated the calculation of the average consumption of finfish and shell fish on a weekly basis. Method two; the average weekly consumption of fish (shell fish , tuna and dark fish) was estimated using semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Method three; the weekly consumpti